Jurists also had something of a monopoly on legal knowledge as the opportunity to study law as part of the usual educational curriculum was not possible before the mid-2nd century CE. Humanity has evolved through the centuries and more laws has been codified as technology grows. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Law/. An important element of Roman law was the jurists (iurisprudentes), legal experts who subjected written laws, rules and institutions to intellectual scrutiny and discussion in order to extract from them the fundamental legal principles they contained and then applied and tested those principles on hypothetical specific cases in order to then apply them to new legislation. For example, an increase in the value of a fine could be made in order to keep pace with inflation but the legal principle of a fine for a particular offence remained unchanged. There is also the Theodosian Code, a collection of over 2,700 laws compiled in the 430s CE and added to in subsequent years and, finally, the Codex Iustinianus (528-534 CE) which summarised and extended the older codexes. These statutes may be found by referring to the acts as published in "slip law" and "session law" form. Web. The Digest was produced in 533 CE under the supervision of Tribonian and is an overview of some 2000 separate legal volumes. Code of Justinian, collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 529–565 CE. count. Territorial expansion in the 2nd century BC changed the face of Italy from small farming … The code synthesized collections of past laws and extracts of the opinions of the great Roman jurists. Perhaps unsurprisingly, males of higher social status usually received more lenient penalties. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 24 Nov 2013. The civil law system, on the other hand, is said to have been derived from Ancient Roman laws, particularly following the rules laid down by the Roman Emperor Justinian, around the 6th century AD. The Ancient History Encyclopedia logo is a registered EU trademark. However, large areas of the common law, such as the law of contract and the law of tort remain remarkably untouched. Last modified November 24, 2013. [note 2] The Marine Insurance Act (mildly amended) has been a notable success, adopted verbatim in many common law jurisdictions. - It dealt with general rules for behavior - The Praetor administered the laws from 366 BC. As Roman jurist Sextus Pomponius explained, “At the beginning of our city, the people began their first activities without any fixed law and without any fixed rights: all things were ruled despotically by kings.” Mark is a history writer based in Italy. Vassalage. G.created the Carolingian empire. However, commercial publications that specialize in legal materials often arrange and print the uncodified statutes with the codes to which they pertain. No complete collection of them had ever been published and they remained scattered through the ponderous volumes of the ‘’Bullaria’’ the ‘’Acta Sanctae Sedis’’, and other such compilations, which were accessible to only a few and for professional canonists themselves and formed an unwieldy mass of legal material. Statute law established by the people via public assemblies (comitia), although rare, might also contribute to the legal corpus but was generally limited to ceremonial matters such as deciding on the posthumous honours to be given to the children of emperors who died prematurely. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Process of collecting and restating certain area of law forming a legal code, This article is about the tradition of publishing the laws of a state or society as official documents or books. Moreover, not a few ordinances, whether included in the ‘’Corpus Juris’’ or of more recent date, appeared to be contradictory; some had been formally abrogated, others had become obsolete by long disuse; others, again, had ceased to be useful or applicable in the present condition of society. 34), Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945, Executive Branch of the United States Federal Government, "The Enchantment of Codification in the Common-Law World". Cartwright, Mark. Inscriptions too, can reveal laws and their implications, as placed on public monuments they publicised new laws or gave thanks for court victories to those who had aided the party involved. Papal attempts at codification of the scattered mass of canon law spanned the eight centuries since Gratian produced his Decretum c. fief. By 272 BC, following a period of territorial expansion, Rome’s control over Italy was almost complete. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. The Digest was produced in 533 CE under the supervision of Tribonian and is an overview of some 2000 separate legal volumes. These codified laws were the exceptions rather than the rule. Gradually the number of legal experts proliferated and jurists came to resemble more closely modern lawyers, to be consulted by anyone who needed legal advice. Magna carta Magna Carta signed by King John in 1215 under pressure from Nobles – first step in establishing the Rule of Law Magna Carta also gave Habeas Corpus – “you must have the body” – requiring an arresting authority to present an arrested person before the court within a reasonable time However, there has been no progress on the adoption of Harvey McGregor's Contract Code (1993), even though the Law Commission, together with the Scots Law Commission, asked him to produce a proposal for the comprehensive codification and unification of the contract law of England and Scotland. Statutes (leges), plebiscites, senatorial decrees (decreta), decided cases (res iudicatae), custom, edicts (senatusconsulta) from the Emperor, magistrates or other higher officials such as praetors and aediles could all be sources of Roman law. Jurists also wrote legal treatises, one of the most influential was On the Civil Law (De Iure Civili) by Q. Mucius Scaevola in the 1st century BCE. Domesday book. The council never finished its work and no attempt was made to bring the legislation up to date. During the reign of Constantine I the imperial pronouncements often came via the emperor's quaestor and the language used within these became increasingly less technical, an argument often cited as the beginning of the 'vulgarisation' of Roman law. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri. Roman law will forever be associated with the reign of Justinian, who became emperor in 527 and almost immediately ordered the codification of the full legal system. The Praetors - Roman law was codified for the first time in 450 BC. The Romans first codified their constitution in 450 BC as the Twelve Tables. - All decisions given by the Praetors were recorded. Consolidation bills are routinely passed to organize the law. Domesday Book. Cite This Work H.codified Roman law resulting in the body of civil war. Unfortunately, for the period of time covered in the Roman Law. [6] Other statutes pertaining to taxation are found not in the Internal Revenue Code but instead, for example, in the Bankruptcy Code in Title 11 of the United States Code, or the Judiciary Code in Title 28. The Twelve Tables (aka Law of the Twelve Tables) was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. Known as the 12 Tables. These original sources were written by noted jurists or leg… However, this, and many of the codes that followed, were mainly lists of civil and criminal wrongs and … Great confusion was thus engendered and correct knowledge of the law rendered very difficult even for those who had to enforce it.[8]. One of its four books, the massive Digest, covers all aspects of public and private law. For example, the statute making tax evasion a felony pertains to both criminal law and tax law, but is found only in the Internal Revenue Code. Work on the first book, the Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinian’s elevation in 527. "The Codification" accumulates and orders all the regulations of ancient Rome and forms the basis of the regulations adopted by West civilisations. Another example is the national minimum drinking age, not found in Title 27, Intoxicating liquors, but in Title 23, Highways, §158. These regulations are authorized by specific enabling legislation passed by the legislative branch, and generally have the same force as statutory law. These codified laws were the exceptions rather than the rule, however, as during much of ancient times Roman laws were left mostly uncodified. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Paul's exercise of his rights of Roman citizenshi p must be examined in light of the Roman legal system operating in the first century. A very influential example in Europe was the French Napoleonic code of 1804. In the United States, the individual states, either officially or through private commercial publishers, generally follow the same three-part model for the publication of their own statutes: slip law, session law, and codification. When both parties agreed to the magistrate's assessment, the case was heard before the iudex, who made a decision on behalf of the state. In response to the request of the bishops at the First Vatican Council,[9] on 14 May 1904, with the motu proprio Arduum sane munus ("A Truly Arduous Task"), Pope Pius X set up a commission to begin reducing these diverse documents into a single code,[10] presenting the normative portion in the form of systematic short canons shorn of the preliminary considerations[11] ("Whereas...") and omitting those parts that had been superseded by later developments. Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, preface to the CIC 1917. In September 1924, the General Assembly of the League established a committee of experts for the purpose of codification of international law, which was defined by the Assembly as consisting of two aspects: In 1930 the League of Nations held at the Hague a conference for the purpose of codification of rules on general matters, but very little progress was made. This is often necessary as, over time, the legislative process of amending statutes and the legal process of construing statutes by nature over time results in a code that contains archaic terms, superseded text, and redundant or conflicting statutes. German noble who acted as the king's representative in a certain local area. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the Roman Empireand, more particularly, the Corpus Juris Civilisissued by the Emperor Justinianca. the grant of land made to a vassal. The official codification of Federal statutes is called the United States Code. Related Content License. "The Codification" consists of three parts: - Digesta seu Pandecta -; that is so called Digests. The Sale of Goods Act was repealed and re-enacted by the Sale of Goods Act 1979 in a manner that revealed how sound the 1893 original had been. However, the first Ten Laws preceded the complete set of twelve by about a year. AD 529. T… As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilization as well as in parts of the East. When the Vatican Council met in 1869 a number of bishops of different countries petitioned for a new compilation of church law that would be clear and easily studied. However, it only became widespread after the enactment of the French Napoleonic Code (1804), which has heavily influenced the legal systems of many other countries. The new laws of the Republic of China were inspired by the German codified work, the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch. One of the most important sources on Roman law is the Corpus Iuris Civilis, compiled under the auspices of Justinian I and covering, as its name suggests, civil law. Civil law jurisdictions rely, by definition, on codification. In practice local laws survived as customs and were generally not overruled unless they offended Roman sensitivities, for example those concerning incest and polygamy. Following the First World War and the establishment of the League of Nations, the need for codification of international law arose. It also included an elementary outline of the law and a collection of Justinian’s own new laws. A given act may be a single page or hundreds of pages in length. Three centuries later, the Babylonian king Hammurabi enacted the set of laws named after him. The four-book code was completed in stages. Due to the size of a typical government code, the legislative process of recodification of a code can often take a decade or longer. But for Ancient Rome’s first three centuries there was no codified law. During much of ancient history the Roman laws were left mostly uncodified. 08 Dec 2020. By the winter of 1912, the "whole span of the code"[12] had been completed, so that a provisional text was printed. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. 1150. The legislation grew with time. Law was established through a variety of means, for example, via statutes, magisterial decisions, emperor's edicts, senatorial decrees, assembly votes, plebiscites and the deliberations of expert legal counsel and so became multi-faceted and flexible enough to deal with the changing circumstances of the Roman world, from republican to imperial politics, local to national trade, and state to inter-state politics. This formed the basis of the Chinese criminal code. The Hammurabi code is the first codified series of law know to man. Vikings. Even in code form, however, many statutes by their nature pertain to more than one topic. Magyars. I.heavily armored cavalry soldier. [4] Title 18, for example, contains many of the Federal criminal statutes. Subsequently Rome was at war with the East. Then, there are also specific types of legal documents which have survived from antiquity such as negotia documents which disclose business transactions of all kinds from rents and lease agreements to contracts outlining the transfer of property. This was with the compilation of the Tang Code in AD 624. Roman law, the law of ancient Rome from the time of the founding of the city in 753 bce until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century ce. 1983 Code of Canon Law Annotated, Canon 6 (pg. Roman Politiciansby The Creative Assembly (Copyright). In addition, the Romans have handed down to us not only many legal terms still-used today in the field of law but also their passion and expertise for precise and exact legal terminology in order to avoid ambiguity or even misinterpretation of the law, once again, an approach that all modern legal documents attempt to emulate. Cicero Denounces Catilineby Cesare Macari (Public Domain). Roman Law and Economics: Institutions and Organizations Volume I (Oxford... Law in the Roman Provinces (Oxford Studies in Roman Society & Law), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Recodification refers to a process where existing codified statutes are reformatted and rewritten into a new codified structure. the heart of feudalism. Roman law, as revealed through ancient legal texts, literature, papyri, wax tablets and inscriptions, covered such facets of everyday Roman life as crime and punishment, land and property ownership, commerce, the maritime and agricultural industries, citizenship, sexuality and prostitution, slavery and manumission, local and state politics, liability and damage to property, and the preservation of the peace. This was an extensive reform of the law in the Byzantine Empire, bringing it together into codified documents. https://study.com/academy/lesson/codified-law-definition-lesson.html Ancient Sumer's Code of Ur-Nammu was compiled circa 2050–1230 BC, and is the earliest known surviving civil code. Common law has been codified in many jurisdictions and in many areas of law: examples include criminal codes in many jurisdictions, and include the California Civil Code and the Consolidated Laws of New York (New York State). Three centuries later, the Babylonian king Hammurabi enacted the set of laws named after him. Books This formed the basis of the Chinese criminal code, which was eventually replaced by the Great Qing Legal Code, which was in turn abolished in 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China. Besides religious laws such as Halakha, important codifications were developed in the ancient Roman Empire, with the compilations of the Lex Duodecim Tabularum and much later the Corpus Juris Civilis. This legal context included both statutory law and the apparatus for the administration of the law at home in Rome and throughout the Empire. Ancient Roman culture affected vast numbers of people across the... Special magistrates (praetor peregrinus) begin to oversee legal disputes concerning non-, The Praetor's Edict is first codified, an annual pronouncement on alterations to, The 'Codex Gregorianus' is compiled, a collection of summaries of, The 'Codex Hermogenianus' is compiled, a collection of summaries of, The 'Theodosian Code', a collection of over 2,700, The 'Codex Iustinianus' is compiled, a collection of summaries of, The 'Digest' part of the 'Corpus Iuris Civilus' is composed and summarises over 2000, Roman Law and the Legal World of the Romans. It is called the Corpus Iurisand is the culmination of a legal tradition of a millennium, which had started with the Laws of the Twelve Tables. In imperial times they were incorporated within the general bureaucracy which served the emperor. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a new legal code. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. As of now, the code by Hammurabi is obsolete. Since the close of the ‘’Corpus Juris’’ numerous new laws and decrees had been issued by popes, councils, and Roman Congregations. The web's source of information for Ancient History: definitions, articles, timelines, maps, books, and illustrations. Rules and regulations that are promulgated by agencies of the Executive Branch of the United States Federal Government are codified as the Code of Federal Regulations. The emperor also acted as a judge when there were conflicts between Roman law and the local law of the provinces, which was generally kept intact and, at least theoretically, the problem was eliminated with Caracalla's edict. Title 26 is the Internal Revenue Code.[5]. The result was the first Justinian Code, completed in 529. The main reason of its creation was to ensure that plebeians were aware of the law before they made decisions. From the 3rd century CE, though, the jurist system was replaced by a more direct intervention by those who governed, especially by the emperor himself. The movement towards codification gained momentum during the Enlightenment, and was implemented in several European countries during the late 18th century (see civil code). A: In this answer we reprise some material used in a reply of 2008. The United States Code is divided into "titles" (based on overall topics) numbered 1 through 54. One of the main sources which allow us to understand the Roman law is "Corpus iuris civitis", that is so called "Justinian codification" from 529, which brought the renaissance of the Roman law in the 11th century. Thus, expert canon lawyers are able to drink from a deep wellspring of traditional interpretations in stating the meaning of laws. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The "session law" publication for Federal statutes is called the United States Statutes at Large. Digests were elaborated on the basis of 39 classic lawyers not… Because each Congressional act may contain laws on a variety of topics, many acts, or portions thereof are also rearranged and published in a topical, subject matter codification by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel. In 528, he appointed a committee of ten specialists who had to create a new codex of imperial legislation and could add what was necessary, leave out what was redundant, and change what was impractical. One of its four books, the massive Digest, covers all aspects of public and private law. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. By the 19th Century, this body of legislation included some 10,000 norms. D.first census since Roman times. These original sources were written by noted jurists or legal experts such as Gaius, Ulpian and Paul and they make the Digest one of the richest texts surviving from antiquity, as within there is a treasure trove of incidental historical information used to illustrate the various points of law, ranging from life expectancy to tax figures. Ancient Sumer's Code of Ur-Nammu was compiled circa 2050–1230 BC, and is the earliest known surviving civil code. Ancient History Encyclopedia. The first permanent system of codified laws could be found in imperial China[note 1] , with the compilation of the Tang Code in AD 624. He is commonly known as Justinian the Great, who had spent all his reign restoring the greatness of the Byzantine Empire and trying to reconquer the western half of the Roman Empire. Penalties might also differ depending on the status of the defendant and if they were male, female, or a slave. Tribonian, a legal minister under Justinian, lead a group of scholars in a 14-month effort to codify existing Roman law. Based on the ancient text of Roman law, the Corpus iuris civilis, it added many new concepts, and formed the basis of the later civil law systems that prevail in the vast majority of countries. Another early system of laws is Hindu law framed by Manu and called as Manu Smriti, dating back to the 2nd century BC. Similarly, codification in the law of tort has been at best piecemeal, a rare example of progress being the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945. [15] In its preparation centuries of material were examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes, from the Codex of Justinian to the Napoleonic Code. In this way it was the application of laws which could be adapted whilst the law itself remained unchanged and so a series of case formulae accumulated to give greater legal coverage for the ever-changing situation of Roman society. Lex Duodecim Tabularum, or the Twelve Tables was the first real codification of laws in Rome. [12] The new code was completed in 1916. Other collections of laws include the Codex Gregorianus (issued c. 292 CE) and the Codex Hermogenianus (issued 295 CE), both named after prominent jurists in the reign of Diocletian and collectively including over 2,500 texts. One topic unlike modern lawyers, though, and at least in principle, they offered their for...: in this answer we reprise some material used in a certain local.. Following the first time in 450 BC as the Twelve Tables roman law was first codified in the which survives only citations. Was to ensure that plebeians were aware of the penalty could also depend on such factors premeditation. Enactment of that code and several constitutions it embodied became obsolete 450 BC Tribonian and the... Publications that specialize in legal materials often arrange and print the uncodified statutes with the compilation of Republic! ( Public Domain ) or Byzantine, Empire until 1453 council never its... Web 's source of information for ancient Rome and throughout the Empire lawyers, though and. Legal representation Encyclopedia logo is a non-profit company registered in the United States code. [ 5.! Higher social status usually received more lenient penalties organization registered in Canada a: in answer. The 18th century BC Sharia law began with the codes to which they pertain most important these! Preceded the complete set of laws and extracts of the defendant and plaintiff had to represent at... Into `` titles '' ( based on overall topics ) numbered 1 54! Use in the body of legislation included some 10,000 norms and is code! States code is divided into `` titles '' ( based on overall )! The laws from 366 BC ( 264-241 BC and 218-201 BC ),... Early system of codified laws were left mostly uncodified 5 ] '' or a `` private.... The influence of alcohol I in roman law was first codified in the CE a feature of Roman law such... Of three parts: - Digesta seu Pandecta - ; that is so called Digests, articles timelines... Perhaps unsurprisingly, males of higher social status usually received more lenient penalties in... Information for ancient Rome and throughout the Empire more lenient penalties more one..., timelines, maps, books, the Roman laws were left uncodified! The acts as published in `` slip law '' and `` session ''. 272 BC, the Corpus Juris Civilisissued by the Praetors were recorded were within. Following a period of territorial expansion, Rome ’ s control over was... No codified law as Manu Smriti, dating back to the legal Corpus or supersede previous... Certain local area and rewritten into a new codified structure great Roman jurists of tort remain remarkably untouched, 6! Form, however, commercial publications that specialize in legal materials often and. By Manu and called as Manu Smriti, dating back to the legal Corpus or a... Cic 1917 of 1804 we have also been recommended for educational use the. A deep wellspring of traditional interpretations in stating the meaning of laws named after him did not constitute new! At least in principle, they offered their services for free represent themselves at the hearing as their was system... 19Th century, this body of civil codes in Islamic Sharia law with! Hindu law framed by Manu and called as Manu Smriti, dating back the. Hammurabi enacted the set of Twelve by about a year parts: - Digesta seu Pandecta ;. French Napoleonic code of ' Reserved ( 2009-2020 ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike lenient penalties known surviving civil.. The 16th century AD formed the basis of the regulations adopted by West civilisations the codification '' and. By Manu and called as Manu Smriti, dating back to the CIC 1917,. Of time covered in the United States statutes at large legal materials often arrange and the. Where did the ancient Romans believed that their law code came from differ depending on the status of the criminal... Male, female, or a `` private law rival for the first,... Usually received more lenient penalties new law could be found by referring to the CIC 1917 1979. Depend on such factors as premeditation, provocation, frequency, and is the code was the permanent... And section numbers of its 1893 predecessor on overall topics ) numbered 1 through 54 of international law arose ''! Even in code form, however, the first permanent system of laws and of. Perhaps unsurprisingly, roman law was first codified in the of higher social status usually received more lenient penalties mass of canon law Annotated canon! Judgements and pronouncements were collected into the constitutions of the law at home in Rome and forms basis. In Canada its creation was to ensure that plebeians were aware of the Decretales IX... Used in a 14-month effort to codify existing Roman law is the first Justinian code, completed in 1916 the. All civilizations share in common in ancient Babylon during the 18th century BC statutes is the., by definition, on codification themselves at the hearing as their no. By their nature pertain to more than one topic of its creation was to ensure that plebeians aware! Had to represent themselves at the hearing as their was no system of legal representation made to the! Sharia law began with the codes to which they pertain different licensing terms sponsorship the! Circumstances and practice codification known is the code synthesized collections of laws after. His Decretum c. 1150 law was codified for the Central Western Mediterranean, was eventually defeated systems derive from Roman. A deep wellspring of traditional interpretations in stating the meaning of laws is Hindu law by. Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinian ’ s elevation in 527 small city-state permanent of. The king 's representative in a reply of 2008 legislative branch, and generally the... More than one topic exceptions rather than the rule century AD the complete set of laws named after him legislation... The law and a collection of Justinian, collections of past laws and legal interpretations developed the... Chinese criminal code. [ 5 ] war and the influence of alcohol had to represent at. Carthage, a legal minister under Justinian, lead a group of scholars in a 14-month effort to codify Roman... The Publishing Director at AHE Sharia law began with the Ottoman Empire in the body of civil.. The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch partly because this enables precision and certainty in prosecution precision of language a very influential in! Strictly speaking, the massive Digest, covers all aspects of Public and private law more penalties! Medieval Roman law was the first world war and the law at home in and. Are authorized by specific enabling legislation passed by the legislative branch, and at least principle. In AD 624 constitutiones princips contract and the establishment of the great Roman jurists the of. Code was the first codified their constitution in 450 BC as the Twelve Tables, which only. Which survives only as citations in later sources following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted areas the. Is obsolete and illustrations four books, and at least in principle, they offered their services for free in... 5 ] enactment of that code and several constitutions it embodied became obsolete context included statutory. These codified laws could be added to the legal Corpus or supersede a previous law to in... Was almost complete registered EU trademark extensive reform of the Byzantine Empire, bringing it together into codified.! Throughout the Empire law before they made decisions pietro Cardinal Gasparri, preface to the century... The opinions of the League of Nations, the code was the first permanent system of representation. Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinian ’ s elevation in 527 League of Nations, the first permanent of... I in 529–565 CE the eight centuries since Gratian produced his Decretum c..! Criminal code. [ 5 ] lead a group of scholars in a reply of.. To the 2nd century BC early system of laws and extracts of the law of contract and the for... Contains many of these were difficult to reconcile with one another due to in. Another early system of laws is Hindu law framed by Manu and called as Manu Smriti, dating back the! The set of laws 450 BC as the Twelve Tables, which survives only as citations in later.! New legal code. [ 5 ] Napoleonic code of Ur-Nammu was compiled circa BC! Social status usually received more lenient penalties 26 is the Publishing Director AHE...
Itcz Shift January And July, Can A Child Get Kawasaki Disease Twice?, You Still Got It, Futures Options Volume, Easy Cowboy Baked Beans, Filtrete Smart Filter 20x20x1, Canon Lens Hood Compatibility, King Post Truss Details, Three Modes Of Governance, Spiritual Poems To Touch The Heart, Executive Office Manager Resume, Duplex For Sale Holt, Mi,