The Complete Essays. Nietzsche saw Anaximander's philosophy as the "enigmatic proclamation of a true pessimist". Aristotle’s intellectual knowledge spanned every known field of science and arts, prompting him to idealize the Aristotelian syllogistic, a belief that logical argument applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions assumed to be true. View our, 12 Famous Philosophers and Their Guiding Principles. Interestingly, the philosophy of the 20th century is known as contemporary philosophy. Later, he went on to tutor Alexander the Great. Socrates was a Greek philosopher and is considered the primary source of Western thought. He went on to establish the Academy in Athens, one of the first institutions of higher learning in the Western world. He was an advocate for a freethinking and liberal society. Sold for $2,125 via Swann Auction Galleries (April 2015). His best-known work, Critique of Pure Reason, determines the limits and scope of metaphysics, combining reason with experience that moves beyond that of traditional philosophy. Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and later became a teacher of Aristotle. Psychologists trace pessimistic attitudes to emotional pain or even biology.Aaron Beck argues that depression is due to unrealistic negative views about the world. She promoted the philosophy of Objectivism, which she describes as “the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute.” This belief was realized in her successful novel Atlas Shrugged, as well as in courses, lectures, and other literary works. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Anyway, this is a great idea. You can find this assertion in both popular and academic literature, yet as widespread as it is, it isn’t an accurate portrayal of his work. Does God actually exist? Sold for €100 via Arenberg Auctions (December 2018). Optimism: A Philosophy of Life As a philosophy of life, optimism is a choice one makes in response to uncontrollable circumstances. Rembrandt’s Philosopher in Meditation, a classical view of philosophy isolated from the world. Sample Essay on Optimistic and pessimistic philosophy We do not share your personal information with any company or person. I only dread one day at a time." * The Pessimistic Philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer * The Naturalistic Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzche * Royce's Philosophy of Loyalty * The Ethical Realism of George Edward Moore PART THREE - SOCIAL, POLITICAL, & LEGAL PHILOSOPHY * Plato's Republic * The Political Philosophy of Aristotle * The Legal Philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas The study of pessimism has parallels with the study of depression. Sold for $1,300 via Swann Auction Galleries (May 2018). Arthur Schopenhauer often gets overlooked when today's philosophers study philosophers of the past, and it has a lot to do with his pessimistic message. In this essay I consider this pessimistic judgment from a philosophical perspective. Pessimism is the antithesis of optimism, an attitude of general hopefulness, coupled with the view that there is a balance of good and pleasure in the world. Pessimism, an attitude of hopelessness toward life and toward existence, coupled with a vague general opinion that pain and evil predominate in the world. Pessimistic essayists and philosophers may not cast the same narrative gloom as fiction writers, but the implications of their work tend toward the universal. Indeed, to believe that unhappiness was merely a question of immediate circumstance and particular character might be seen as a crass form of optimism. He was focused on creating a “naturalistic science of man” that delves into the psychological conditions defining human nature. Le provinciali o Lettere scritte da Luigi Montalto, How Shakespeare’s Leading Ladies Got Their Names, Popular English Idioms and Their Curious Origins, One Museum Director on Why He Collects Objects from the Past, The Surprising Market for Russian Nesting Dolls, Furoshiki: The Art of Japanese Fabric Wrapping, The Wine Lover’s Guide to Different Types of Champagne, What is Stuckism? His social philosophy was based on the principle of ren—loving others—and he believed this could be achieved using the Golden Rule: “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.”. Seventeenth Century Philosophers (1600's) Sir Francis Bacon English (1561-1626) Sir Francis Bacon advocated the use of inductive reasoning (as opposed to the deductive reasoning used by the … Cornel West (b. Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican. As a fixture of the history of civilization, philosophy has made a profound impact on society. Modern philosophy got its start in Western Europe during the Seventeenth Century. Considered one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, and ethics, Aristotle learned from Plato after enrolling in his Academy at age seventeen. In 1657, Pascal published Les Provinciales under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte, a series of eighteen letters that defended Jansenist over Jesuit theologies. As an ardent feminist, she believed both men and women should be treated as equal beings with a social mandate. Are our emotions irrational? He produced thousands of letters, books, pamphlets, essays, plays, among other forms of writing, most of which were centered on religion and politics. Get the latest stories, price guides and exclusive content delivered straight to your inbox. It is derived from the Latin pessimus (“worst”). At the tender age of 24, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was appointed as Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel. the pessimistic philosophy of arthur schopenhauer the naturalistic philosophy of friedrich nietzche royces philosophy of loyalty the ethical realism of george edward moore ... world below you will find a comprehensive list of great philosophers and links to the term philosophy derives from the greek word philosophia which translates to a love of The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) is often cited as the greatest pessimist in the Western philosophical tradition. Confucius, also referred to as Kong Qui or K’ung Fu-tzu, was a Chinese philosopher, teacher, and political figure largely considered the father of the Eastern style of thought. Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City, 07 November 1879, Russian, Ukrainian, Russian, Philosopher, Psychonaut, Ethnobotanist, Author, Jurist, Geopolitician, Political Scientist, Philosopher, Writer, Novelist, Podcaster, YouTuber. Thus, pessimists only pay attention to and remember negative information. We have also ensured that the ordering process is secure; you can check the security feature in the browser. His “Socratic method” laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and philosophy, delivering a belief that through the act of questioning, the mind can manage to find truth. A thoughtful reader offered a rejoinder to the conclusion of my recent series on life and meaning. His logic later influenced philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Is it better to have choices? The_Ebb_and_Flow. Sources: The Famous People | List 25 | The-Philosophy | Erratic Impact | History Lists | Biography | Encyclopedia Britannica. Russian-American author and philosopher Ayn Rand rejected collectivist values in favor of individual self-interest, an ideal evident in her first novel We the Living. Though Voltaire’s outright skepticism of the government and church caused great controversy during his time, he remained a progressive thinker regarding issues of civil rights and advocated for the importance of freedom of religion, speech, and the right to a fair trial. Philosopher, Sociologist, Anthropologist, Philosopher, Theologian, University teacher, Writer, Historian, Philosopher, University, Economist, Philosopher, Academic, University, Philosopher, Physicist, Writer, University teacher. In the 20th century, philosophy increasingly became professionalized as the period witnessed the development of a number of new philosophical schools including logical positivism, analytic philosophy, phenomenology, existentialism, and post-structuralism. Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher who laid the fountain for the modern theory of probabilities, a branch of mathematics concerned with the analysis of random phenomena. Optimism is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable. Michel de Montaigne. He is a … For all of his successes, however, Nietzsche’s life was plagued by a hefty list of medical problems. List of famous philosophers of the 20th century along with their biographies that include trivia, interesting facts, timeline and life history. The Republic of Plato. Sold for $780 via Swann Auction Galleries (March 2017). John Locke was an English philosopher and Enlightenment thinker who came to be known as the Father of Classical Liberalism. Arthur Schopenhauer, the quintessential philosophical pessimist. Kant was one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment, and a large part of his work addresses the question, “What can we know?” Kant argued that we can only have knowledge of things that are possible to experience. Here are the famous philosophers whose teachings and theories create the shape of modern philosophy. “The optimist proclaims that we live in the best of all possible worlds; and the pessimist fears this is … It’s not an opinion about reality; it’s a starting point for dealing with … To look up a philosopher you know the name of, click on the first letter of their last name. In Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that the pre-Socratic philosophers such as Anaximander, Heraclitus (called "the Weeping Philosopher") and Parmenides represented a classical form of pessimism. Wollstonecraft was an fierce advocate for women’s rights, arguing that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men and should have an education commensurate with their position in society. His teachings focused on creating ethical social relationships, setting educational standards, and promoting justice and honesty. Philosophy, like any human activity, is influenced by the circumstances in which it takes place. Atlas Shrugged. The era saw some of greatest minds at work in the field of philosophy starting from Bertrand Russell, Gilbert Ryle, Alfred Tarski, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Leo Strauss, Ernst Cassirer, José Juan González, John Dewey and … Dante was a Medieval Italian poet and moral philosopher regarded as the father of the modern Italian language. But cheerfulness generally saddens us, whereas what we really need to shake us from gloom is the bracing wisdom of some of the world’s great pessimistic philosophers. The alphabetical list of philosophers is so large it had to be broken up into several pages. In other words, through this bias, pessimistic people only pay attention to and retain one kind of information: the negative kind. If yes, then your mind and heart surely takes a philosophical route whenever free. Because he could neither read nor write, much of what we know of his life was recorded by his students Plato and Xenophon. His philosophical work and ideas were mostly presented as short stories. Thanks for another great contribution. The term “philosophy” derives from the Greek word philosophia which translates to a “love of wisdom,” coined by pre-Socratic thinkers such as Pythagoras in the 6th century B.C. In contrast to rationalists such as Descartes, Hume was preoccupied with the way that passions (as opposed to reason) govern human behavior. What is an emotion? Locke’s thinking emphasized the notion that we should acquire ideas through our experience of the world. 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